1223. Dice Roll Simulation
Description
A die simulator generates a random number from 1 to 6 for each roll. You introduced a constraint to the generator such that it cannot roll the number i more than rollMax[i] (1-indexed) consecutive times.
Given an array of integers rollMax and an integer n, return the number of distinct sequences that can be obtained with exact n rolls. Since the answer may be too large, return it modulo 109 + 7.
Two sequences are considered different if at least one element differs from each other.
Example 1:
Input: n = 2, rollMax = [1,1,2,2,2,3] Output: 34 Explanation: There will be 2 rolls of die, if there are no constraints on the die, there are 6 * 6 = 36 possible combinations. In this case, looking at rollMax array, the numbers 1 and 2 appear at most once consecutively, therefore sequences (1,1) and (2,2) cannot occur, so the final answer is 36-2 = 34.
Example 2:
Input: n = 2, rollMax = [1,1,1,1,1,1] Output: 30
Example 3:
Input: n = 3, rollMax = [1,1,1,2,2,3] Output: 181
Constraints:
1 <= n <= 5000rollMax.length == 61 <= rollMax[i] <= 15
Solutions
Solution 1: Memoization Search
We can design a function $dfs(i, j, x)$ to represent the number of schemes starting from the $i$-th dice roll, with the current dice roll being $j$, and the number of consecutive times $j$ is rolled being $x$. The range of $j$ is $[1, 6]$, and the range of $x$ is $[1, rollMax[j - 1]]$. The answer is $dfs(0, 0, 0)$.
The calculation process of the function $dfs(i, j, x)$ is as follows:
If $i \ge n$, it means that $n$ dice have been rolled, return $1$.
Otherwise, we enumerate the number $k$ rolled next time. If $k \ne j$, we can directly roll $k$, and the number of consecutive times $j$ is rolled will be reset to $1$, so the number of schemes is $dfs(i + 1, k, 1)$. If $k = j$, we need to judge whether $x$ is less than $rollMax[j - 1]$. If it is less, we can continue to roll $j$, and the number of consecutive times $j$ is rolled will increase by $1$, so the number of schemes is $dfs(i + 1, j, x + 1)$. Finally, add all the scheme numbers to get the value of $dfs(i, j, x)$. Note that the answer may be very large, so we need to take the modulus of $10^9 + 7$.
During the process, we can use memoization search to avoid repeated calculations.
The time complexity is $O(n \times k^2 \times M)$, and the space complexity is $O(n \times k \times M)$. Here, $k$ is the range of dice points, and $M$ is the maximum number of times a certain point can be rolled consecutively.
Python3
class Solution:
def dieSimulator(self, n: int, rollMax: List[int]) -> int:
@cache
def dfs(i, j, x):
if i >= n:
return 1
ans = 0
for k in range(1, 7):
if k != j:
ans += dfs(i + 1, k, 1)
elif x < rollMax[j - 1]:
ans += dfs(i + 1, j, x + 1)
return ans % (10**9 + 7)
return dfs(0, 0, 0)
Java
class Solution {
private Integer[][][] f;
private int[] rollMax;
public int dieSimulator(int n, int[] rollMax) {
f = new Integer[n][7][16];
this.rollMax = rollMax;
return dfs(0, 0, 0);
}
private int dfs(int i, int j, int x) {
if (i >= f.length) {
return 1;
}
if (f[i][j][x] != null) {
return f[i][j][x];
}
long ans = 0;
for (int k = 1; k <= 6; ++k) {
if (k != j) {
ans += dfs(i + 1, k, 1);
} else if (x < rollMax[j - 1]) {
ans += dfs(i + 1, j, x + 1);
}
}
ans %= 1000000007;
return f[i][j][x] = (int) ans;
}
}
C++
class Solution {
public:
int dieSimulator(int n, vector<int>& rollMax) {
int f[n][7][16];
memset(f, 0, sizeof f);
const int mod = 1e9 + 7;
function<int(int, int, int)> dfs = [&](int i, int j, int x) -> int {
if (i >= n) {
return 1;
}
if (f[i][j][x]) {
return f[i][j][x];
}
long ans = 0;
for (int k = 1; k <= 6; ++k) {
if (k != j) {
ans += dfs(i + 1, k, 1);
} else if (x < rollMax[j - 1]) {
ans += dfs(i + 1, j, x + 1);
}
}
ans %= mod;
return f[i][j][x] = ans;
};
return dfs(0, 0, 0);
}
};
Go
func dieSimulator(n int, rollMax []int) int {
f := make([][7][16]int, n)
const mod = 1e9 + 7
var dfs func(i, j, x int) int
dfs = func(i, j, x int) int {
if i >= n {
return 1
}
if f[i][j][x] != 0 {
return f[i][j][x]
}
ans := 0
for k := 1; k <= 6; k++ {
if k != j {
ans += dfs(i+1, k, 1)
} else if x < rollMax[j-1] {
ans += dfs(i+1, j, x+1)
}
}
f[i][j][x] = ans % mod
return f[i][j][x]
}
return dfs(0, 0, 0)
}
Solution 2: Dynamic Programming
We can change the memoization search in Solution 1 to dynamic programming.
Define $f[i][j][x]$ as the number of schemes for the first $i$ dice rolls, with the $i$-th dice roll being $j$, and the number of consecutive times $j$ is rolled being $x$. Initially, $f[1][j][1] = 1$, where $1 \leq j \leq 6$. The answer is:
$$ \sum_{j=1}^6 \sum_{x=1}^{rollMax[j-1]} f[n][j][x] $$
We enumerate the last dice roll as $j$, and the number of consecutive times $j$ is rolled as $x$. The current dice roll can be $1, 2, \cdots, 6$. If the current dice roll is $k$, there are two cases:
If $k \neq j$, we can directly roll $k$, and the number of consecutive times $j$ is rolled will be reset to $1$. Therefore, the number of schemes $f[i][k][1]$ will increase by $f[i-1][j][x]$.
If $k = j$, we need to judge whether $x+1$ is less than or equal to $rollMax[j-1]$. If it is less than or equal to, we can continue to roll $j$, and the number of consecutive times $j$ is rolled will increase by $1$. Therefore, the number of schemes $f[i][j][x+1]$ will increase by $f[i-1][j][x]$.
The final answer is the sum of all $f[n][j][x]$.
The time complexity is $O(n \times k^2 \times M)$, and the space complexity is $O(n \times k \times M)$. Here, $k$ is the range of dice points, and $M$ is the maximum number of times a certain point can be rolled consecutively.
Python3
class Solution:
def dieSimulator(self, n: int, rollMax: List[int]) -> int:
f = [[[0] * 16 for _ in range(7)] for _ in range(n + 1)]
for j in range(1, 7):
f[1][j][1] = 1
for i in range(2, n + 1):
for j in range(1, 7):
for x in range(1, rollMax[j - 1] + 1):
for k in range(1, 7):
if k != j:
f[i][k][1] += f[i - 1][j][x]
elif x + 1 <= rollMax[j - 1]:
f[i][j][x + 1] += f[i - 1][j][x]
mod = 10**9 + 7
ans = 0
for j in range(1, 7):
for x in range(1, rollMax[j - 1] + 1):
ans = (ans + f[n][j][x]) % mod
return ans
Java
class Solution {
public int dieSimulator(int n, int[] rollMax) {
int[][][] f = new int[n + 1][7][16];
for (int j = 1; j <= 6; ++j) {
f[1][j][1] = 1;
}
final int mod = (int) 1e9 + 7;
for (int i = 2; i <= n; ++i) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 6; ++j) {
for (int x = 1; x <= rollMax[j - 1]; ++x) {
for (int k = 1; k <= 6; ++k) {
if (k != j) {
f[i][k][1] = (f[i][k][1] + f[i - 1][j][x]) % mod;
} else if (x + 1 <= rollMax[j - 1]) {
f[i][j][x + 1] = (f[i][j][x + 1] + f[i - 1][j][x]) % mod;
}
}
}
}
}
int ans = 0;
for (int j = 1; j <= 6; ++j) {
for (int x = 1; x <= rollMax[j - 1]; ++x) {
ans = (ans + f[n][j][x]) % mod;
}
}
return ans;
}
}
C++
class Solution {
public:
int dieSimulator(int n, vector<int>& rollMax) {
int f[n + 1][7][16];
memset(f, 0, sizeof f);
for (int j = 1; j <= 6; ++j) {
f[1][j][1] = 1;
}
const int mod = 1e9 + 7;
for (int i = 2; i <= n; ++i) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 6; ++j) {
for (int x = 1; x <= rollMax[j - 1]; ++x) {
for (int k = 1; k <= 6; ++k) {
if (k != j) {
f[i][k][1] = (f[i][k][1] + f[i - 1][j][x]) % mod;
} else if (x + 1 <= rollMax[j - 1]) {
f[i][j][x + 1] = (f[i][j][x + 1] + f[i - 1][j][x]) % mod;
}
}
}
}
}
int ans = 0;
for (int j = 1; j <= 6; ++j) {
for (int x = 1; x <= rollMax[j - 1]; ++x) {
ans = (ans + f[n][j][x]) % mod;
}
}
return ans;
}
};
Go
func dieSimulator(n int, rollMax []int) (ans int) {
f := make([][7][16]int, n+1)
for j := 1; j <= 6; j++ {
f[1][j][1] = 1
}
const mod = 1e9 + 7
for i := 2; i <= n; i++ {
for j := 1; j <= 6; j++ {
for x := 1; x <= rollMax[j-1]; x++ {
for k := 1; k <= 6; k++ {
if k != j {
f[i][k][1] = (f[i][k][1] + f[i-1][j][x]) % mod
} else if x+1 <= rollMax[j-1] {
f[i][j][x+1] = (f[i][j][x+1] + f[i-1][j][x]) % mod
}
}
}
}
}
for j := 1; j <= 6; j++ {
for x := 1; x <= rollMax[j-1]; x++ {
ans = (ans + f[n][j][x]) % mod
}
}
return
}